# Graphing

## Circles

In this and the following three sections, we will discuss how to graph conic sections, i.e. curves obtained from the intersection of a cone with a plane, including circles, ellipses, hyperbolas and parabolas.

A circle with radius $r$ centered at the point $(h,k)$ has the following equation:
$$(x-h)^2+(y-k)^2=r^2$$ This is the standard form for the equation of a circle.

### Example.

The circle with equation $(x-7)^2+(y+4)^2=45$ has centre $(7,-4)$ and radius $\sqrt{45}=3\sqrt{5}$.

If we have an equation of a circle not in standard form, we can turn it into standard form by:
 1 simplifying 2 factoring 3 completing the square (See the section on parabolas for more information.)

### Example. Write the equation $x^2+y^2+6x-2y=10$ in standard form and graph the corresponding circle.

 $(x^2+6x)+(y^2-2y)$ $=10$ (Details)Group the $x$ terms and $y$ terms together. $(x^2+6x+9-9)+(y^2-2y+1-1)$ $=10$ (Details) Complete the square for $x$ and for $y$. $(x^2+6x+9)-9+(y^2-2y+1)-1$ $=10$ (Details)Leave the perfect square expressions in the brackets and take out the other terms. $(x+3)^2 + (y-1)^2$ $=10+9+1$ (Details)Bring the numbers outside the brackets to the right and factor the left side. $(x+3)^2 + (y-1)^2$ $=20$ (Details)Simplify.

Hence, the standard form is $(x+3)^2 + (y-1)^2 = 20$ and we have a circle of radius $\sqrt{20}=2\sqrt{5}$ centered at $(-3,1)$. The graph of the circle is: