I've seen the proof for the n=4 case of Fermat's Last TheoremThe proof that there are no integers X, Y, and Z which satisfy the equation X^n + Y^n = Z^n when n = 3 is similar to the proof in the case where n = 4 with the exception of a crucial lemma. The statement of the lemma is stated as follows:Is the the n=3 case similarly easy to prove? Was the proof known by Fermat?
If x, y, and z are integers such that x^2 + 3y^2 = z^3 and x and y are relatively prime then there exist integers a and b such that x = a^3 - 9ab^2 and y = 3a^2b - 3b^3.
The proof of this lemma hinges on some material which is typically covered in an advanced undergraduate or an introductory graduate abstract algebra course. Those who are interested in more reading on the subject and who have enough background in mathematics can find this lemma (together with hints) as exercise 4.6 in Daniel Flath's Introduction To Number Theory (see also exercises 7.6 and 7.8 for more information on cases n=3 and n=4 of Fermat's Last Theorem).